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Almost every country has some form of parliament and its systems fall into two categories – bicameral and unicameral. Out of the total countries in the world, 79 have a bicameral parliamentary system while 113 are unicameral. There are a total of 272 chambers of parliament with over 46,000 members of parliament worldwide. The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), an international organization of national parliaments, has 178 national parliaments as its members.
What is Parliament?
Parliament is a national assembly of elected representatives of the people of the states in a country. It has the power to make laws which include adding new laws or changing and abolishing existing laws. The assembly of the elected representatives of the people at the state level is called the legislature or the Vidhan Sabha.
As per the NCERT Book for Class 11 Political Science Chapter 5 Parliament refers to the National Legislature. “The legislature is not the only law-making body. Law making is one of the functions of the legislature. It is the center of all democratic political process,” the chapter added.
Indian parliament
The Indian Parliament consists of the office of the President and two houses – the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha. It is bicameral in nature. The Rajya Sabha or Rajya Sabha consists of 245 members and the Lok Sabha or Lok Sabha has a total of 543 members. The Speaker presides over the sessions of both the houses.
The Constitution has given the states the option to establish a unicameral or bicameral legislature. At present, six Indian states have bicameral legislatures – Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh.
Rajya Sabha
The term of office in Rajya Sabha is six years. The Vice President is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The present is M Venkaiah Naidu. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the elected members of the State Legislative Assembly for a term of six years. They can be re-elected.
Not all members of Rajya Sabha complete their term at the same time. About one third of the members complete their term every two years. That’s why elections are held on only one-third of those seats. This is the reason that the Rajya Sabha is never completely dissolved and is called the permanent house of the Parliament.
Apart from the elected members, there are 12 nominated members in the Rajya Sabha who are nominated by the President. These nominations are made from amongst those individuals who have made their mark in the field of literature, science, arts and social service.
The functions of Rajya Sabha are:
Considers and approves non-money bills and suggests amendments to money bills.
– Approval of constitutional amendments.
– Exercises control over the executive by asking questions and introducing resolutions and resolutions.
Participates in the election and removal of the President, Vice-President, Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. Moreover, it alone can initiate the process of removal of the Vice President.
– Can give power to the Union Parliament to make laws on matters included in the State List.
Lok Sabha
The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India for a term of five years. However, if a party or a coalition cannot form the government or if the Prime Minister advises the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha and hold fresh elections, the Lok Sabha can be dissolved before the completion of five years.
Once the Lok Sabha has passed the budget, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject it as it is not directly elected by the people. The functions of the Lok Sabha include:
– To make laws on matters included in the Union List and the Concurrent List. Can introduce and enact money and non-money bills.
– Approves proposals for taxation, budget and annual financial statements.
– Controls the executive by asking questions, supplementary questions, resolutions and motions and no-confidence motions.
– Amends the Constitution.
– Approval of the declaration of emergency.
– Elects the President and Vice-President and removes the judges of the Supreme Court and High Court.
– Establishes committees and commissions and considers their reports.
How Indian Parliament makes laws
A bill is a draft of a proposed law. When a bill is moved by a non-minister, it is called a private member’s bill, whereas when it is moved by a minister, it is called a government bill. “Within Parliament, a Bill can be introduced in the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha by a member of the House (but often the Minister responsible for the subject introduces the Bill). A Money Bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha. Once there After being passed, it is sent to the Rajya Sabha,” reads the NCERT.
A bill has to be passed by both the houses but in case of disagreement, an attempt is made to resolve it through a joint session of the Parliament. If it still fails to resolve, the decision goes in favor of the Lok Sabha. If it is a money bill, the Rajya Sabha can either approve the bill or suggest changes but cannot reject it. When a bill is passed by both the houses, it is sent for the assent of the President who then converts it into law.
Name of country and their parliament
Afghanistan – noise
Albania – People’s Assembly
Algeria — National People’s Assembly
Andorra – General Council
Angola — National People’s Assembly
Argentina – National Congress
Australia – Federal Parliament
Austria – National Assembly
Azerbaijan – Meli Majlis
Bahamas – General Assembly
Bahrain – Advisory Council
Bangladesh – Jatia Parliament
Belize – National Assembly
Bhutan – Sogdu
Bolivia – National Congress
Botswana – National Assembly
Brazil – National Congress
Britain – Parliament (House of Commons and House of Lords)
Brunei – National Assembly
Bulgaria — Narodno Sabrani
Cambodia – National Assembly
Canada – Parliament
China – National People’s Assembly
Colombia – Congress
Comoros – Legislative Council and Senate
Democratic Republic of the Congo – National Legislative Council
Costa Rice – Legislative Council and Senate
Croatia — Sabor
Cuba – National Assembly of the People’s Power
Denmark – Folktale
East Timor – Constituent Assembly
Ecuador – National Congress
Egypt – People’s Assembly
El Salvador – Legislative Assembly
Ethiopia – Federal Council and House of Representatives
Fiji Islands — Senate and House of Representatives
Finland — Edukusta (Parliament)
France – National Assembly
Germany – Bundestag (lower house) and Bundesrat (upper house)
Great Britain – Parliament
Greece – Chamber of Deputies
Guyana – National Assembly
Hungary – National Assembly
Iceland – Althing
India – Parliament
Indonesia – People’s Consultant Assembly
Iran – Majlis
Iraq – National Assembly
Ireland — Orichtas
Israel – Knesset
Italy – Chamber of Deputies and Senate
Japan – Diet
Jordan – National Assembly
Korea (North) — Supreme People’s Assembly
Korea (South) — National Assembly
Kuwait – National Assembly
Lebanon – National Assembly
Laos – People’s Supreme Assembly
Latvia – Seima
Lesotho – National Assembly and Senate
Libya – General People’s Congress
Lithuania – Seimasi
Luxembourg — Chamber of Deputies
Madagascar — National People’s Assembly
Magnolia – Khurali
Malaysia – Majilis
Maldives – Majilis
Mongolia — Great People’s Khurala
Montenegro – Federal Assembly
Mozambique — People’s Assembly
Myanmar – Pythu Hlutawa
Nepal – National Panchayat
Netherlands – States-General
New Zealand — Parliament (House of Representatives)
Norway — Storting
Oman – Monarchy
Pakistan – National Assembly and Senate
Papua New Guinea – National Parliament
Paraguay – Senate and Chamber of Deputies
Philippines – Congress
Poland — Sejm
Romania – Great National Assembly
Russia – Duma and Federal Council
Saudi Arabia – Majlis Al-Shura
South Africa – Parliament
Spain – Cortes
Taiwan – Yuan
Turkish Grand National Assembly
USA – Congress
Uzbekistan – Oli Majlis
Vietnam – National Assembly
Zambia – National Assembly
Zimbabwe – Parliament
Let’s test our learning
The Chinese National People’s Congress has the largest parliament in China with 3,000 members, while the world’s smallest parliament is in Micronesia, with only 14 members of parliament (MPs).
US Parliament: The US Parliament or Congress was established under the Constitution of 1789. It is structurally distinct from the executive and judicial branches of government and is bicameral in nature.
Chinese Parliament: Meanwhile, as of 2018, for the Chinese Parliament, formed on October 1, 1949, it has a total of 2980 members, making it the largest in the world.
UK Parliament: The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the first parliament in the world. It was first convened in 1215 with the creation and signing of the Magna Carta, which established the rights of barons to serve as advisors to the king on matters relating to government at his Great Council. It is the supreme most powerful political body in the UK. The UK Parliament is bicameral in nature but consists of three parts, consisting of the Sovereign or Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The two Houses of Parliament meet in separate chambers at the Palace of Westminster in London.
German Parliament: Germany has a bicameral legislature known as the Federal Assembly (Bundestag) and the Federal Council (Bundesrat). The former are elected by a combination of direct and proportional representation for a term of four years. Meanwhile, for the council, the 16 federal states of Germany are represented. The members are generally ministers in governments at the state level and are appointed.
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